Serial Killers Research Paper Example

Serial Killers Paper A serial killer is an individual who has killed three or more people over a period of time and whose motivation for murder is mainly based on emotional satisfaction. Serial killers have a callous exploitative personality with no emotions and have no ability to feel guilt of anything they do. Some scientists have argued that psychopathy is genetically determined, and the individuals have little power to control its effects. Others have disregarded this outlook of the issue due to lack of significant abnormality in serial killer’s brains. Studies of majority of serial killers have revealed that there is reduced connectivity between the amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex leading to fewer emotions after processing of negative stimuli (Fox Levin 2014). People with this deficit do not feel embarrassed or nervous after being caught up engaging in inhuman acts. The serial killers only suffer from physical pain and not emotional pain. Psychopaths experience difficulties when following rules of morality irrespective of great knowledge and understanding of the rule. Unlike psychotics, psychopaths do not suffer from any form of mental disorder and suffer from personality disorder. Unfortunately, personality disorder is more difficult to cure when compared to mental disorders affecting the psychotics. Some of the world’s major serial killers normally work on calculated and manipulative strategies that indicate an absence of any mental disorder. They do not suffer from hallucinations and delusions (Goodwill Alison 2005) Gunness Belle Gunness Belle was little known in USA before emigrating there from Norway between 1881 and 1886. It is alleged that she had got pregnant at the age of 17, and the boyfriend had beaten and hence caused a miscarriage. It is rumored that the man who had kicked her died later with symptoms of poisoning and this is the probable the reason she moved to America or alternatively, she had moved to unite with her sister who had moved to USA earlier (Wilson, 2014). We will write a custom essay sample on Serial Killers specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Serial Killers specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Serial Killers specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Belle’s first victim was the husband she married in 1893 from Chicago. Initially, the couple seemed happy and had a confectionary store. They had four children and one foster child living with them. The confectionary store business did not flourish well as Belle expected, but the building harboring the store caught fire, and they were compensated by the insurance cover. It is alleged that Belle had secretly started the fire (Gibson, 2009). Two of their children died from acute colitis; however, acute colitis symptoms resemble poisoning that makes many suspects that Belle could still have poisoned them. The two kids had an insurance cover that made Belle richer. Her husband died later; the doctors gave a report that his heart gave out. Belle was further compensated for around 8000 dollars by the insurance company; a colossal amount of money then. She bought a farm in La Porte and shortly after purchasing the farm, a section of it burned down; she was compensated further by the insurance companies. She later met her second lover who was a widower with two kids (Gibson, 2009). They moved together with each partner contributing two children to the family. They younger daughter of Mr. Gunness died shortly after marriage from unknown causes. In 1902, she killed Mr. Gunness using a meat chopper, the foster daughter witnessed the scenario but the coroner was convinced that she was innocent on the issue since she was pregnant (Glyn, 2011). She later cashed over 3000 dollars from her husband’s insurance policy. Luckily, Mr.Gunness elder daughter was taken by her uncle who most likely saved her from death (Gibson, 2009). Long-term impact of losing a baby from criminality while pregnant can be linked to emotion problems like depression and anxiety. Such memories of loss might have always made her shocked and angry. She may remember a series of events leading to the death of the kid and hence blame herself that has long-term effect and magnification over time instead of reduction (Glyn, 2011). Belle was not born in USA and migrated there; people migrate in search for a better life although migrating can have a negative impact to some personalities causing stress that affects one’s mental health and well-being. The combination of the migration process together with her traumatic loss might have contributed to change of personality and hence converting her into a serial killer. From her previous experience, finding a new place with vast and different cultures must have been daunting and scary for her. The only way she could have coped is by getting herself occupied and busy. Her children had insurance policies, and some believe that Belle killed the children to benefit from the policies. Belle killed two of her children namely Axel and Caroline. The above allegations might have been true; Belle was financially struggling after emigrating to U.S.A. Her desperation for money might have degraded her attachments to the importance of life. Belle was very violent in her killings. She cut the body of the victims and threw them to pigs and usually killed her lovers using Sausage graders. Though Belle greatest motivation might have been money, she still possessed a deep-seated anger of those that she had killed or harmed in the past. Violence might have been one of her ways of releasing this self-blame and anger while increasing her wealth and developing independence. Another fascinating incidence is where Belle tried to poison some of her victims, some psychologists believe that there was hierarchy in her killings but basing the argument on her victims, there is no logical reasoning behind the method she chose to kill her victims. Poisoning is equivalent to cutting someone into pieces and ensures one suffers and writhes in pain before dying. Almost all her victims had to suffer before dying. It is symbolic in that it might have been a way of mimicking her experience with miscarriage. It is apparent that Belle lacked conscience or empathy; she normally used blatant deception to attract her victims. Belle was a very cold woman; she could carry out abortions and also claim that unknown children are hers only to kill them. She lured men with her wealth and then killed them together with their children. Belle disappeared; there is a probability that she escaped unnoticed since she was a very determined woman who was very selfish, and probably she faked her death (Hickey, 2012). Charles Manson Charles Manson was born in November 12, 1934 by a teenage mother who had run away from home at the age of 15. His mother was a total drunkard and could not care for him; he spent his youth with his relatives, reform schools and boys homes. He started involving in car stealing and general burglary. He was arrested severally and after release in 1954 on parole for the good behavior, Manson married Rosalie Willis and gave birth to a son Charles Manson Jr. Charles Manson had continued to make extra cash from stealing cars, and his wife divorced him after discovering it (Fox Levin 2003). He was arrested again in 1960 and spent six years in prison. In the prison, he met Alvin Karpis, who was a member of Ma Barker’s gang. Alvin taught Manson to play steel guitar and became obsessed by music; he wrote several songs and started singing. He was strongly convinced that once outside the prison he would become a famous musician. He was released in 1967. Equipped with guitar and expertise in stealing and drugs, Manson started to gather followers. The Beach Boys recorded one of the Manson songs titled â€Å"Never Learn Not to Love† because he was their close ally. He managed to make a cult of â€Å"the Family†. He predicted a war between the blacks and the whites in 1968 after listening the song from the Beatles namely â€Å"Helter Skelter† (Manson, 2006). After the supposed war had failed to happen, Manson resulted into violence and had to show the blacks how to do it. He directed his followers to kill specific people, at one incidence they attacked the house of Terry Melcher, who had failed to support Manson’s music career and killed all the occupants. Investigators landed on him, and he was arrested together several of his followers. He was sentenced to death, but the death penalty was outlawed that saw Manson spend the rest of his life in Jail (Hendrickson et al., 2007). On many cases alcohol has been termed as a family problem, it does not only affect those taking it, but also the family members and the people surrounding the family (Atchison Heide 2011). Studies have shown that children who grow up in alcoholic families experience emotional problems that if not well monitored can result to destructive behavior. Alcohol makes the children feel insecure, anxious and vulnerable. Children of alcoholics find it very hard to cope in life. Such memories from a child can make them internalize their sadness hence becoming withdrawn. They might also try to deny these facts and try to pretend that nothing happened. Some like Charles Manson opted to resolve their internal sadness through violent behavior. Charles was also small in stature and probably suffered from ‘short man syndrome.’ There is a history of short men being associated with violence; one good example is Hitler Adolf. This does not mean that all short men are aggressive. Inferiority complex can play a role in violent behavior basing the argument on the fact that there were other underlying factors in our case. Small men experience pressure to display their masculinity in the current world that is dominated by one personal appearance. Combined with biological influences, this can be a very dangerous concoction in the society. At the age of 12, Charles had raped another boy, not necessarily that he was gay but might have been a mechanism to gain dominance by demeaning the boy. Charles had other frustrations; he had tried unsuccessfully to join the music industry by pursuing his music career (Purdy, 2014). Such frustrations combined with his chaotic childhood might have contributed to the personality of Charles Manson we know today. Naming two of his children after himself indicated his narcissistic and self-centered personality. He viewed his children as an extension of self. Charles Manson usually saw something in the song lyrics of the Beatles titled Helter Skelter. The song was produced and released when Charles was predicting a racial war. If someone is strongly convinced, then most probably will try their best to ensure what they believe comes true. This is very easily associated with music where the message in song lyrics is subject to interpretation by the listener with disregard to musicians’ initial message. Charles had predicted race war and the song Helter Skelter intensified his believe (Psychologytoday, 2014). Narcissistic characters are normally very composed and have a tendency of attracting the attention; Charles did not commit his murders directly and only convinced his followers to commit them. It is through his charisma that made him a very effective leader to his followers. They viewed him like a ‘God’ whom the followers believed that they must obey and believed that he requested all what was essential to be done. Charles had much confidence in himself and rated himself highly; he could not participate in doing something that he could get others doing and hence has no record of killing his victims directly. People have been emailing him in prison that indicates his power to captivate and command respect (Psychologytoday 2014). Ted Bundy Ted Bundy was born on November 24. He performed well at school and was normally uneasy in the environment since his peers were extremely rich and had to change and join Sophomore University to cover his financial insufficiency (Rule, King, BBC Audiobooks America, 2009) It was in 9167 when he met a lady who shared skill and passion with him and usually sent much of their time together. His lover was rich and sophisticated, and Bundy had exaggerated his accomplishments to impress her. The lady found the real character and background of Bundy and decided that he lacked a brighter future hence left him. He experienced a great depression that made him drop out of school. During this period he discovered that the woman she referred to as the sister was his mother, and his grandfather was actually his father (Crocker, 2000). His energy was rejuvenated after learning these facts that made him drop his shyness and went back to college where he graduated with a Bachelors degree in psychology. Bundy worked tirelessly to ensure that Governor Dan Evans was reelected and after he was reelected considered Bundy for a post in Seattle Crime Prevention Advisory. This was his best period because now he was a successful politician and had both his old girlfriend and his new catch (Bundy et al., 2005) He began serial killing in 1974 with two ladies who were sailing. He later joined Utah University Law School he tried to attack a lady by the name Carol DaRonch unsuccessfully, and few hours later 17 years old girl was reported missing. A grave of bones was discovered in the Washington forest and later identified as belonging to the two lost ladies in Washington and the 17 years old girl (Dekle, 2011). Through investigations, a profile of a man known as ‘Ted’ was created that comprised of descriptions of the car, his blood group and approaches he used to lure his victims. From the investigations, they were able to determine that the serial killer had the capability to move from state to state. He did several killings in Colorado, and all the victims had similar contusions on their head and through the same manner of death (Crocker, 2000). Ted Bundy was arrested in 1975 on suspicion of burglary and later charged with kidnapping after the items picked from his car resembled those collected from various crime scenes. He was charged and jailed for 15 years after being found guilty of murdering DaRonch. Other charges followed later. He was his own lawyer and had the freedom to walk without leg irons. He tried to escape from the courtroom by jumping out of the window and was captured a week later. He escaped from prison again and rented an apartment near Florida University. He killed more women and was seen by an eyewitness, Nita Neary, who keenly observed him. He also left a mask at one of the crime scenes that was similar to the one found in his car during his first arrest. He was arrested again in February 1978. He was found guilty of all the murder charges and sentenced to death on an electric chair (Dekle, 2011). People who thought they knew Ted Bundy well had advocated his candidacy as the governor of Washington State. They knew very little about him since he could camouflage socially. Bundy Ted is one of the most notorious killers and before his execution in 1989 confessed to having killed 30 young women. He was educated and very charming and hence only few women could resist him. He also persuaded the law intellectually to save himself from Florida’s electric chair although finally he failed. Bundy had taken psychology classes and hence got information from him was very difficult. The psychologists grilling him normally found him very clean irrespective of the external evidence linking him to violent behavior (Barden, Maddux, Petty, Brewer, 2004). Bundy blamed his addiction to pornography for his violent behavior. Bundy crossed the line of erotic fantasy becoming a serial killer. Ted Bundy was a sexual psychopath and had sexual sadistic behaviors. He was very insecure and intelligent, insecure because majority of his classmates were wealthy. He was a very shy guy who had a strong dependency on women and hence had fear of being humiliated by women. He rarely dated and mostly stayed lonely. Ted Bundy started his violent life with burglarizing homes and shoplifting; he usually assaulted women sexually before eventually killing them. Majority of his victims were single white women. He killed across different states that showed that he used a vehicle to access his victims (Aamodt Moyse 2003). It is suspected that his serial killings were triggered by his college charming girlfriend who left him desperately. Bundy also had thought that his mother was his sister, and it was rumored that his father was also his grandfather. Bundy was a Serial killer who did a lot of planning to kill his victims. He knew how to conceal evidence having attended law units and had a wide knowledge of police procedures; six of his victims have not been found yet (Krueger, 2009). Categories of serial killers It is not possible to completely understand and categorize serial killers but it is possible to evaluate their practices and methods in order to define what type of criminal they are. However, depending on the nature of their crime, Federal Bureau of Investigations has categorized serial killers in three different categories according to how they carry out their killings. Comprehending the category at which a serial killer can be categorized make it at ease for Federal Bureau of Investigations to investigate their crimes and bring them to justice. The categories of these serial killers help greatly on describing the type at which that serial killer falls into. These categories include organized, unorganized and mixed serial killers (Ramsland, 2006). Organized serial killers An organized serial killer is the most serial killer to capture and identify because he or she is very intelligent with an IQ ranging to almost 120. Nevertheless, their intelligence assists them so much to plan crimes well and in advance with much precautions so that no evidence can be got from the crime. In most cases, organized serial killers are married or they live with their girlfriends. They plan the crime before the chance occurs for weeks, months or even years before performing it. Organized serial killer often socialize with the victim and apply methods such as tricking and charming in order for the victim to be unable to overcome that situation (Mariotte, 2010). It is collective for this category of criminals to watch victims for numerous days before finding someone they can consider as a good aim. Organized serial killers are always aware of the growing compulsion to act their deadly desire. When the victim is chosen, this category of serial killer will pick them up, frequently through some kind of designed strategy in order to advance their compassion. Later, they take the victim to another place where they commit the killing. In simple terms, organized serial killers typically apply checks on the victim, whereby they bring a weapon and makes sure that the weapon is taken when they leave (Vronsky, 2004). After the victim is killed, this type of serial killer takes thorough precautions to ensure that the body cannot be identified or located. They even follow the reports of their crimes in the media and then travels to a different town or modify their job when they detect they can be noticed. In addition, organized serial killers keep improving their strategies by learning police investigative approaches and the longer they commit murders, the more impossible for the police to arrest them. One of the main motivating factors for this category of serial killers is that they even murder the officers who attempt to investigate their crime. Examples of organized serial killers include the likes of Ted Buddy who committed seventeen crime scenes without being noticed. Before he was identified by the police, he was undertaking a law course in a school of law therefore he had much of intelligence about law. It is understood that out of the seventeen crimes he committed, six of his victims have not been located up to now and that is why he considered himself as the only professor in serial killing (Thomas, 2010). Ted Buddy had a girlfriend and owned a car which he applied to commit his crimes. He could regularly park it in the college parking and pretend to have an injury on his leg, it is at this point where he could trick the aide especially girls and then commit the crime. Disorganized serial killers Contrary, disorganized serial killers do not plan about their crimes in any way. Their IQ ranges between 80 and 95 and it is considered as below the average. This category of serial killer can be described as insensible to the crime because in most cases, disorganized serial killer kills people at the wrong places and in the wrong time. Although, they do not plan their crimes, it is difficult to catch them than even the organized serial killers because they cannot be predicted. They have intense and vague deadly cases but what is odd about these cases is that they are not planned so they do not have a thought out plan of the crime. However, in contrary to organized serial killers, disorganized offenders do not cover up any sensible signs of their crime and have a habit of travelling from one state or town to another recurrently to avoid being apprehended (Ramsland, 2006). The dismay which occur at the crime scene may include evidence such as ejaculate, murder weapon and blood. They hardly have adjacent family or friends and therefore they stay in one place for just short time and then move to another place. In most of the crimes committed by disorganized serial killers, there is slight application of reskills since the victim is usually starved to unconsciousness when he or she encounter this disorganized serial killer. Moreover, the body of the victim is usually exposed to the public because it is often left where the crime take place, and it is endangered to unusual injuries. This category of killers is susceptible to have no remembrance of what they deed and most of them admit that they were inspired by opinions from other sources or by their own opinions. Contradictory, disorganized serial killers are not educated, trained and do not have any skills of what they are doing (Vronsky, 2004). Nevertheless, Crime Archives (2007) indicates Miguel Rivera as one of the disorganized serial killers. It is believed that between April 1972 and September 1973, Miguel Rivera haphazardly attacked young boys on the Upper West Side of New York and in apartment buildings in East Harlem. Miguel Rivera stabbed and sodomized eight years old boy for a maximum of thirty nine minutes and even attempted to cut his penis. In addition, the bodies of three other boys were found in different places; one in the hall, the next one in the basements, and the other one in the rooftops of various apartments, with their private parts cut off and wounded to death. When he was arrested, Rivera appealed that God had informed him to alter those boys into girls. Mixed serial killers The third category of serial killers is referred as mixed serial killers. These are the killers who cannot be easily differentiated as either organized or disorganized. Their crimes involve two or more criminals, whereby there may be unexpected happenings that the criminal had not scheduled for, therefore, the criminal may change the plans or victim may battle during the progression of a crime or over a succession. However, in this category of serial killers, the sort of crime comprise some evidence of planning because there is poor cover-up of the victim’s body. According to Vronsky (2004), the location of this kind of crime might be in a great panic meaning that there will be a great pact of physical violence experienced by the victim. Moreover, the criminal may be involved in alcohol and drugs or may be young. The good example of a mixed serial killer is Richard Ramirez who killed nineteen people between June 1984 and September 1985. It is believed that he murdered his victims in their homes casually and he overcame them with a wild offensive attack by applying dangerous force. When he was arrested, he said that he made a decision to murder the victims naturally at the scene. Unfortunately, the rooms which the crime occurred had cameras which captured forensic evidence because he had not masked his face. In contrary, Richard transported arms to the scene and also carried a police frequency scanner which consisted sequences of an organized serial killer (Thomas, 2010). Types of serial killers Research has shown that serial killers can only be classified in reference to their motives and organizational or social patterns. However, most of the serial killers do not fall into a single type, and many of them can be described in more than one type. But none of these types explain what might essentially result someone to be a serial killer. It is from the above categories that we get various types or sub-units of serial killers. Thrill seekers Thrill seekers are serial killers who enjoy overcoming the law, being pursued by the police and receiving attention from the media. One of the factor that distinguish thrill seekers from other serial killers is that they do not enhance privacy in their crimes. They keep sending message to each other and also expose their records of murders. In this case, it is reasonable to categorize thrill seekers as organized serial killers although they do not have advance plan in every crime they commit (Ramsland, 2006). Therefore, they can also be classified as unorganized serial killers. They often apply arms or raping the victims before they stab them to death. Once they kill the victim, they hide the victim’s body and proceed to the next victims where they employ the same tactics unless being caught. Thrill seekers serial killers can also be referred as hedonistic. Medical killers Medical serial killer is involved in medical killing and is very uncommon. Various people have been involved in the medical industry as a technique to carry out their wicked and immoral deeds. Medical killer feels they have the perfect protection since it is very common for people in a clinics to die. This type of serial killers can be categorized as organized because they are highly intelligent and have the idea on how to smartly and carefully cover their killings (Mariotte, 2010). This is because it appears that a victim has passed away naturally, meaning there will be no cause for anyone to sense vulgar play and investigate the crime. Research has indicated that only few medics in history have achieved to murder people before they are suspected. Mission oriented These are killers who claim to undertake murders as in favor of their society. Mission oriented serial killers carry out their crimes by eliminating certain people from the society because they feel that the society can move on without them. The kind of people eliminated include homosexuals or lesbians, drug dealers, young women and prostitutes (Thomas, 2010). These killers can be categorized as organized serial killers since their crimes are well planned and often have a controlled crime scene. Their aim is to modify the society by eradicating a specific group of people and this makes it very easy for investigators to track them. The motive that leads this serial killer to commit murder is intense hatred of a certain group of people. The hatred may be based on gender, race, religion or lifestyle. Control and power killers These are serial killers who enjoy their victims panic, shattering and suffering. Control and power killers can be categorized as organized serial killers and are motivated by various motives such as history of childhood mistreatment, which left them feeling poor and powerless as grown-ups. Most of these killers are similar to thrill seekers because they sexually abuse their victims but they are not inspired by moods of covetousness. They just apply rape to simply control the victim and this make them to be categorized as unorganized serial killers (Ramsland, 2006). Visionary serial killers This type of serial killers rarely experiences isolation from the society and sometimes have a belief that they can be considered in higher entities such as that of â€Å"God†. Visionary serial killers can further be divided into God-mandated and devil-mandated killers. These killers can be categorized as mixed serial killers and an example of such killers is David Berkowitz. This killer claimed to have received an order from demon through his neighbor’s dog to commit murder in his society. Subsequently, visionary serial killers tend to be more disorganized than other murderers thus easy to be tracked down. They are mostly motivated by their own mental illness or psychosis (Mariotte, 2010). Conclusion However, besides the above types of serial killers, there are also many other sub categories which make a serial killer unique based on the nature of crimes and their killing formalities. Most of the serial killers are motivated by different motives to commit their crimes and this can also influence the category at which a serial killer can be categorized. Some of the serial killers are named according to the creatures in the environment such as one of the female serial killer who was named with reference to the female black widow spider which always kills and digests its mates when it lay her eggs (Thomas, 2010). A spree killer is another type of serial killers who murders another person after already murdering someone else. Those serial killers who murders their victims because of sexual arousal can be referred as lust killers. Moreover, cults are considered as serial killers who create clubs that sacrifice people after acceptance of joining their clubs, they can also be referred as group killers. Generally, reality is never as good as dreams and this is why many serial killers choose to murder. Many serials killers are made and not born since they have the capability to balance with their environment. Serial killers seem absolutely normal, however, but beyond all considerations, satisfaction of their desires is the main motive which leads them to commit murder. This means that killings seem to fulfil their desires with the ultimate control over death and life. References Aamodt, M. G., Moyse, C. (2003). Researching the multiple murderer: A comprehensive bibliography of books on specific serial, mass, and spree killers. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology. doi:10.1007/BF02802609 Atchison, A. J., Heide, K. M. (2011). Charles Manson and the Family: The Application of Sociological Theories to Multiple Murder. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology. doi:10.1177/0306624X10371794 Barden, J., Maddux, W. W., Petty, R. E., Brewer, M. B. (2004). Contextual Moderation of Racial Bias: The Impact of Social Roles on Controlled and Automatically Activated Attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.87.1.5 Bundy, T., De, F. R., Bianchi, K., Clark, D., Finadin Ltd., Dark Sky Films (Firm), Zia Film Distribution LLC. (2005). The serial killers: Disc 2. Orland Park, Ill.: Dark Sky Films.

Organ Donation is a means of showing love Essays

Organ Donation is a means of showing love Essays Organ Donation is a means of showing love Paper Organ Donation is a means of showing love Paper Nowadays, healthcare practitioner’s especially in nursing faces lots of ethical issues and they will still be facing in the future and the more when the technology is getting more developed. One of which is the Organ Transplantations. Organ Transplantation is very rampant especially in countries with rising technologies in health care. If a certain family needs the organ but does not win in the bidding being done, then they would not get the organ We can not deny that Organ Donation is a means of showing love and concern to others. It gives a good reputation to the individual, especially when he dies because he has helped someone or has supported someone else’s life. But sometimes, the real meaning of giving motivated by love is already out of the context. For people, because of lack of finances gambles to donate a part or an organ. Nurses in this case, have a lot of moral issues to face with.   As a healthcare practitioner they have the duty to take care and preserve human life and dignity. That is, the body we have, is entrusted to us by God and therefore we should not let it be sold. To treat human body parts as commodities violates the Human Dignity. Even if the motive is to help others, the end still just not justifies the means of doing it. Human life is sacred and must be taken care of. As health workers they are face with different changes in the delivery of health care services to the society. In this situation, the nurses are in between the Philosophy which God has established in His word and the uprising technology in their fields. They are much affected with it because as nurses, it is their vows and promise to preserve the human life but organ transplantations as understand by some is just totally deviating from God’s perspective and in His view in giving. Some individuals would make it just a business. Yes, their reason might be is to help but underneath it is the idea of making large amounts of money. Nurses, on the other hand do their part in talking to families who have just lost someone about transplantation. A health care giver also needs to be educated in a proper way about what organ donation is really all about. It is the nurses’ job to talk and approach donors and their families regarding the organ transplantation. They should show the love and support that the family needs. Whatever reasoning is being done still it violates God’s laws. It does not respect the human lives. Nurses are compromising the Sanctity of Human Life. Nurses are sandwiched in the perspective of the rising technology of this world and Heavenly laws. Many ethicists find it so immoral to sell an organ because for them, God gave it to you and He entrusted it to you and for you. Therefore, as stewards we should do anything that could break the real purpose of God in us. Hence, as nurses they have a great responsibility. So they should do things to educate the individuals in the society about the process. They should explain that organ transplantation is not merely harvesting a person’s organs but it has a deeper purpose, a deeper meaning. They should show respect in the patient’s body so as not to deviate from the norms and prevent ethicists from arising and in throwing issues that health care providers are much affected of. Reference: Transplantation. New Standard Encyclopedia.   Page 363. Volume 17.

A New Deal for Blacks by Harvard Sitkoff Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A New Deal for Blacks by Harvard Sitkoff - Essay Example However, Sitkoff notes that the New Deal did not entirely succeed in abolishing the killing of Blacks and did not improve upon their legal, social and economic standing. But the author holds that the New Deal played a major role in providing Blacks with immense influence in the federal government for addressing their apprehensions. It also included civil rights into the agenda of the Democratic Party. Moreover, the New Deal provided considerable hope to them as the federal government started paying attention to their cause, which was being entirely ignored for several decades (Sitkoff, 1978). Sitkoff is of the belief that although Blacks did not prosper much in America, they suffered the maximum during the Depression and were literally starving during the period prior to the New Deal. The whites had been holding marches to protest against allowing employment for Blacks until all whites were provided with jobs. Very few Blacks held public offices and they rarely had the opportunity to get college education. Sitkoff writes that the political advisors of President Roosevelt were always vetting his decisions so that no white from the South felt insulted. Although the outcomes could not be verified immediately, the initiatives taken by Roosevelt amounted to fighting against traditional practices and thoughts regarding racial inequality, which provided hope to African Americans that the federal government had started showing signs of caring for them. Sitkoff asserts that another factor leading to the fight against racial discrimination was the change in racial attitudes during the 1930s. The issue of race in politics was diluted whereby black votes began to be viewed as a means to maintain balance of power that gave political parties incentives if they won their support. Nazism had considerably reduced the historical influence of racism and the Communist Party played an important role in creating racial parity. A number of research activities were undertaken during t he period to show that dark skin did not imply inferiority. Such moral judgments fought against the historical philosophies that Blacks descended from Canaan, which had till then implied that they were obliged to serve. There was a shift in popular culture, which justified the change from historical to moral judgments. Popular plays and movies were produced during this time, such as Mulatto, Never No More, Kneel to the Rising Sun and Green Pastures, which combined with other examples to reveal that thoughts relative to race were now changing. Sitkoff has discussed a number of events occurring during this period that led to change. During President Roosevelt’s time, there was a historical transformation as the Supreme Court dealt with a large number of cases pertaining to racial equality and issues regarding unconstitutional rulings, jury selections and voting rights. Americans realized the duplicity of the Jim Crow laws that espoused racial equality but did not implement the laws. Segregation and lynching became important issues for politicians and inter-racial organizations such as the Urban League and NAACP that became very active during the 1930s. These developments created hope for African Americans in terms of civil rights, which is why the author argues that the large number of happenings during this time resulted in recreation of moral judgments towards Blacks. In his book, Sitkoff has

Internal controls Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Internal controls - Case Study Example b) I would bribe the salesperson to make an invoice which is much less than the original amount and later share the profit with this employee. Later, I can also return some items and claim a much higher amount than the actual value of the items. This would help us double charge the company and defraud a much higher amount from Richard’s Furniture Company. Also the assistant manager and manager can defraud the company by manipulating the sales records by joining hands and prepare understated sales report and keep some cash with them. c) The company works on the double checking principle. The records are checked thrice. Another important strength of the company is that invoices makers and the cashier are different people. Data Entry Accountants sit in the head office and cashier and accountants have no link. This leads to transparency. The company also has assistant manager and manager to review the entire process. Bank reconciliation is also used to make sure that frauds are minimized. Since cashier and invoice makers are different people, they can be held accountable. There is a trace for the company to find out who made the mistake. A wrong invoice is the mistake of the sales person and if cash collection is less than it is the fault of the cashier. Similarly, cashier and sales persons cannot defraud the company without the support of the customer because they cannot manipulate the books as accountants sit in the head office and they have no say whatsoever in the daily operations of the business. All of this h elps the company to attribute the fraud to the fraudsters and to make sure that the strong control is levied by having independent people for accounting, cash collection and invoice making. This would keep a check on all people and chances of frauds would be minimized. d) The company can minimize the customer risk

A Comparative Analysis on the Socio-Cultural Theories of Marx Essay Example for Free

A Comparative Analysis on the Socio-Cultural Theories of Marx Essay Over the years, the names Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, Max Weber, and Friedrich Nietzsche have been very dominant in the field of sociology, psychology, economics, and politics. In discussing the concepts of communism and materialism, the theories of Karl Marx cannot be disregarded. For Marx, the major influential factor in human history is economics (Cline 2008). According to Marx, even in the past, people were not moved by ostentatious ideas but rather by material things that helped them live and survive. Marx’s studies and theories also deal with explaining the roots of the collision of classes—the wealthy and labour classes. The conflict between the wealthy and labour classes became inevitable because of the rise of capitalism. Due to capitalism, there has been a separation between these two classes. The wealthy continue to own properties and acquire labourers as modern slaves to work for them in their businesses, while the labourers continue to struggle for what little they have, and they have to work day and night just to survive. It is also because of capitalism that the scarcity of resources has increased, and this made the conflict between the classes even worse. For Marx, everything is built upon the foundations of economics. All the prominent social and economic institutions as well as other organizations can only be understood well if they will be associated with economics. Moreover, Marx expressed that oftentimes, people tend to think that their ideas actually root from truth, beauty, love and other grand concepts, but in actuality, those ideas are from class interest and class conflict (Cline 2008). On the other hand, as compared to Marx, Emile Durkheim was better known for his studies of the communication process in relation to sociological analyses. The main idea of Durkheim’s theory notes that the civilization of human beings is a result of communication (Book Rags 2008). Their psychological nature becomes cultural forces, and the material and economic life becomes the community and the society. Aside from this, Durkheim also became a prominent figure in the field of sociology. He explained the nature of the society with an evolutionary approach, regarding society as an organism that has a specific structure and function (University of Regina 2002). According to Durkheim, although a society is composed of individuals, he pinpointed that a society is not simply a sum of individuals; rather, it has an identity and existence of its own that is different from the individuals that are part of it. He further added that it is the society that is influencing the individuals through norms, social facts, sentiments, and social currents, rather than the individuals influencing the society as a whole. Durkheim’s sociological ideas also posed a concern towards social order. He tried to find out how a modern society remains intact given people’s differences, individualism, and autonomy of individuals (University of Regina 2002). Eventually, Durkheim was able to find the answer and explained it in his book, ‘The Division of Labour in Society’. In the book, Durkheim defined and explained the concepts of social solidarity, common consciousness, and systems of law which he also connected to the idea of forced division of labour. However, he claimed that such forces in the society will not always be effective in creating solidarity. Thus, there will be disruptions in solidarity and consciousness because of the social changes. This chain of ideas introduces the concept of anomie or suicide, which Durkheim considered as a naturally occurring phenomenon in every society. Durkheim also expressed his ideas about social action. In explaining this concept, he took the structuralist approach. He considered the social structures to exert a strong influence on social action (University of Regina 2002). He believed that the collective thoughts, beliefs, practices, and consciousness of individuals can indeed make a difference in a lot of ways. Max Weber shared the same position as Marx in terms of alienation in relation to former’s views about the inevitable rationalisation and bureaucratisation of the world (The Hewett School n. d. ). Both of them agreed that it was the modern methods of organisation which drastically increased the effectiveness and efficiency of production. Both of them also concurred that these modern methods paved the way for the exceptional domination of man over nature. They also shared the same opinion of the modern world with such rationalized efficiency—that it threatens to transform into a monstrous being and dehumanize its creators (The Hewett School n. d. ). However, Weber opposed Marx’s claim that alienation is only a transitional stage towards man’s true liberation. Ha also denied that inevitable characteristic of socialism. Previously, Marx noted that capitalism caused the lowering of the worker class in the mode of production. However, Weber argued that this situation cannot be avoided in a rationally coordinated system. Weber further added that men cannot participate in socially significant actions anymore unless they join a larger organization. It is through these organizations that men get to sacrifice their own goals and desires for the sole aim and objective of the organization. Thus, people get to take off a part of them and therefore get to be alienated. Lastly, Friedrich Nietzsche was known in his arguments about the core and foundations of morality. Unlike Marx, Durkheim, and Weber, Nietzsche’s theories are more inclined to morality, and he was more into arguing for concepts that relate to religion. However, his theories posted a huge significance in the fields of sociology, economics, and politics as well. His moral philosophy is primarily critical in orientation. With his philosophy, he attacked morality both for its commitment to weak descriptive claims about human action and also for the adverse impact of its distinctive norms and values on the budding higher types of human beings—or what he calls the ‘higher men’ (uberman) (Zalta 2007). This idea of higher men explains that, above all other motivations, human behaviour is motivated by the will to power. He also became known in his arguments regarding the foundations of traditional Christianity. For Nietzsche, the creativity and realities of the world are more important than any consideration of any worlds beyond (UK Apologetics 2007). Aside from this, he also had several beliefs which proved his interest to challenge the tradition and beliefs of Christianity. Nietzsche believed that the goal of a human’s life must be to find his/her true self and not to help others. He also believed that sexuality does not really oppose virtues; rather, it is a virtue in its own right. Furthermore, he also argued that the highest virtue an individual can have is to be true to him- or herself. Thus, Nietzsche’s ideas can be observed to have a sense of selfishness. However, it can be explained that he has this kind of belief since his exposure and genre are that which believe in the power of the human will alone and not of any greater being. Upon analyzing the theories and theorists mentioned above, I observed that all their ideas contribute a lot to the developments of the society nowadays. The first three theorists dwell more on the economic side. They explained the effects of capitalism, social classes, and the harmony of relationships within a society. On the other hand, Nietzsche observed the moral part which the first three theorists seemed to have overlooked. Looking at our modern society now, everything seems affected by multimedia. If only Marx, Durkheim, Weber, and Nietzsche still exist today, they might probably look at multimedia as one of the most powerful forces that has the ability to shape a society. However, relating their theories to the modern concepts of multimedia today, Durkheim’s concepts seem to have the greatest relevance to it. This is because Durkheim regarded communication as a shaping factor of civilization. By this, he meant that communication (which includes multimedia nowadays) is one of the forces that pave the way for human organization (Book Rags 2008). Communication or multimedia in the modern perspective can also be interpreted—using Durkheim’s view—as the mould which makes or shapes a society. Thus, a society without the practice of communication cannot be considered a civilized society (Book Rags 2008). Putting this into modern context, a society without the practice of multi-media—which can be considered as one of the most powerful means of communication at present—is a society which has not yet reached development. List of References Cline, A. (2008). ‘Religion as Opium of the People’. About. com [online]. Available from http://atheism. about. com/od/philosophyofreligion/a/marx. htm? p=1 [29 October 2008] Book Rags (2008). Durkheim, Emile (1858-1917) [online]. Available from http://www. bookrags. com/research/durkheim-mile-1858-1917-eci-01/#bro_copy [29 October 2008] The Hewett School (n. d. ). Weber and Marx [online]. Available from http://www. hewett. norfolk. sch. uk/CURRIC/soc/WEBER/wm. htm [29 October 2008] University of Regina (2002). Conservative Approaches [online]. Available from http://uregina. ca/~gingrich/s16f02. htm [29 October 2008] Zalta, E. Ed. (2007). ‘Nietzsche’s Moral and Political Philosophy’. Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy [online]. Available from http://plato. stanford. edu/entries/nietzsche-moral-political/ [29 October 2008] UK Apologetics (2007). Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900) [online]. Available from http://www. ukapologetics. net/truthaboutnietzsche. html [29 October 2008]

The United States Constitution Compared to the Communist Manifesto Essa

The United States Constitution Compared to the Communist Manifesto Both the Communist Manifesto and the United States Constitution share some common ideas. They are documents that strive for ideas that in opposition to one another. The Communist Manifesto and The Constitution of the United States both include what the relationship between an individual and society should be about. Karl Marx and Frederick Engels wrote the Communist Manifesto. Marx and Engels talked about in the Communist Manifesto what they thought to be the way to solve the problems in the world during that time. Those problems dealt with society, but mainly the poor. They thought that people during those times were too dependent on money and how much of it they made. They wrote the manifesto in hopes to change society. The form of government they used to do this was by way of the Communist Party. "The Communists, therefore, are on the one hand, practically, the most advanced and resolute section of the working-class parties of every country"[i] Within the Communist Party e veryone is equal, and all property belongs to the state. The Constitution of the United States on the other hand was written to restrict the amount of power the government could have. It allows people to have property unlike the Communist Manifesto. Within the Constitution, it is stipulated that the people have control over how much power the government has. According to the first amendment in the Constitution, "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grieva... ...heir own liberty and freedom. The idea of what liberty and freedom are is discussed quite differently within the two documents. The constitution calls for democracy, where an individual can have the right to choose what they want their role in society to be. The manifesto helps to explain communism, in which the government decides for each person what his or her role in society is. Notes [i] â€Å"The Communist Manifesto† http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/treatise/communist_manifesto/mantwo.htm [ii] The United States Constitution† http://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/constitution.billofrights.html#amendmenti [iii] â€Å"The Communist Manifesto† http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/treatise/communist_manifesto/manone.htm [iv] â€Å"The Communist Manifesto† http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/treatise/communist_manifesto/mantwo.htm

Human Behavior in the Organization in Global Perspective Essay

â€Å"Does other theories developed by the foreign managerial experts are applicable in the Philippines Settings?† Human behavior in the organization had these so many theories that are developed in order to help managers and leaders utilize human individual efforts exerted to actualize goals and future desired state of the organization or company. With this, human behavior in the organization is not only limited to those countries that had developed some effective and well proven theories, it is also the basis of the other countries having trouble in managerial process of handling individual differences. So, a global sharing and giving information about the theories was executed in order to help those undeveloped countries in terms of economic status whereby, it is believed that with these theories, it could be the key for a undeveloped country to attain desired economic status. Undeveloped countries may also be pertain to the countries trying to be in the middle class countries where there is an observed desired for knowledge and information on how to make managerial skills of the persons who are in the authority to be developed or enhance. Philippines is one of those countries who is indeed, in need of these information, but the question is – â€Å"does these theories truly fit or suit here in the Philippines?† Theories are basically the systematic grouping of interdependent concepts and principles that gives a framework to a significant area of knowledge. While in designing an effective organizational structure, there are a number of principles and concepts that are interrelated and that have a predictive value for managers. The importance of theory is to provide a means of classifying significant and pertinent management information and knowledge. Theories constitute the belief system and management orientations that, consequently, affect the organization. With this, the Filipino managers and leaders had a hard time to formulate an effective pattern of processes and procedures based on the theories of other countries. It been observed that an individual’s needs are the main characters that plays the biggest role on the motivating and moving people to exert their efforts on the job. speaking of motivation, Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is one of the famous and had been said to be effective on the companies and international organizations. Well, here in the Philippines, it is also observed but, it is not been fully utilized and understand by those who manages the Philippines System today. Just to illustrate, the first stage on the hierarchy of needs is the physiological needs that indicate the basic needs for sustaining life such as food, water, air, and shelter. This stage is being given full attention by Filipinos, because as part of our culture, we tend to give everything just to make sure the survival of our family members and also, we tend to extend it as giving everything that would make us feel comfortable as we live our lives. The second stage is the security needs, where it is the stage of which indicates the needs to be free from any danger, loss of job, and deprivation. The Philippine society, especial on those places where crimes are rampant, individuals are in full alert to avoid danger. Also, we Filipinos give value to our jobs. As being observed, only few have their jobs so they do whatever it takes just to make sure that they will stay holding that job given to him or her. The third stage is the affiliation or acceptance needs which include the thought of us, as human being, are social. This stage discusses the value of an individual and it is recognize by his companions and superiors. In the Philippines, respect is well observed as to the organizational processes and procedures being done inside a certain organization. Meaningful inter-personal relation is one our strengths as Filipinos where we have the characteristics of helping others and respecting their personal decisions and acts. The other 2 stages are being observed on few people inside an organization where they had their own ways of fulfilling the first 3 needs introduced by Maslow in his Hierarchy of Needs. Maslow’s theory discusses an individual as to his or her birth, potentials are present. The potential for psychological growth and health is present in every person at birth. The theory targets the individual’s motivational factors that drive the individual to do well in his or her particular job. Filipinos, are more likely the persons who are being motivated by social acceptance and love. Filipinos are fan of relating their own experiences and letting their companions feel that he, who is relating his life to the organization’s condition, trust his companions and seeking for understanding and acceptance to them. Another theory is the Skinner Operant Theory that indicates the human needs are the determinant to human behavior. Burrhaus Frederick Skinner. He believed that â€Å"the environment determines the individual behavior event if he alters the environment.† The workers can be motivated by properly creating the work environment and providing rewards or stimulus for desirable worker’s performance. It is the external environment that influences the behavior people exhibit rather than their external needs, wants, and desires. In this theory, rewards or any positive reinforces of a certain behavior are found to be more powerful than the negative and neutral reinforces, even if both sets of reinforces may be used. Since the Philippines is composed of various kinds of ethnic groups, cultural mores, dialects, regional peculiarities, religious beliefs and value system, it is difficult to say what kind of behavioral style or attitudinal orientation will best fit the prevailing environment of a Filipino organization. Culture really made innovative measures of managers difficult to prosper here in the Philippines where it should be done as it is being highly needed by the different Philippine organizations. Culture is being the hindrance of globalization especially in terms of process that may affect the human work behavior that will produce unnecessary organizational behavior. Globally accepted processes and behavioral patterns are considered to be unnecessary to adopt by the Filipino managers and leader whereby they take as infestation of our customs. Filipino traditional approach on motivating their subordinates as to which, they attack from the heart. Give importance to the things that an individual’s want and love. Also, Filipinos managers must know the abilities and capabilities of a certain work group in order for him or her to maximize the skills of the individual inside that work group. Dealing with the problems that can be a hindrance to productiveness of an individual is one thing that manager must do in order for him or her to gain respect and gain recognition of his or her efforts as the manager. Filipinos managers must show their interest to hear and take some actions regarding the problems and issues raised by the formal or informal work groups. Touching the atmosphere of work environment that the subordinates are experiencing every single day is one of the examples of making sure that you are to understand the work behavior of a specific group of subordinates in the organization. A single interest could be one of the factors why a specific group is formed. With this, the management should know about that interest and then convert it into a motivational form and introduced it to the subordinate in able for the management to get the attention of that work group and then you start on making some developing steps in order for that group to be productive. Motivation is the driving force that pushes an individual to perform acts towards the execution of his or her job. Work group is very essential for it could be the greatest factor of organizations productivity. The actions towards the job compromise the behaviors that are innate to the workers. Managers are bound to create motivational plans for every each one of his or her subordinates. Motivations are defined by needs. Effective work group is not just about the productivity itself, it is also about the development each member of the group by attaining their individual’s goals and aspirations. Managements are bound to define the motivational factors of a work group in order to respond on their needs that will result to the expected productivity. Management productivity is defined as the ratio of inputs and outputs of the managerial process being done. The management who knows how a person works and what is the forces that keeps him on doing a good job performance is a good management. Work group behaviors should be a right shape in order to classify these behaviors as effective. Making some efforts of redirecting behaviors that are essential and not properly used by the person will definitely help you to lead the work group into success. Organizational theory affirms that motivation is a matter of organizing jobs according to prevalent needs as related to situation, which if properly carried out results in efficient job structure and consequent favorable job attitudes. Theories from foreign lands are just the basis of what we have now the Filipino Management where inter-personal relationship and humanitarian way treating subordinates are the main focus. The relationship of people within the organization, the feelings people have about the structure they placed to work in, and the input of these feelings on their work are of outmost importance. With this, the manager should make adjustment on giving the subordinates motivations that can lead to effective work group behavior. Formulating our own way to management our own working potentials, environment, motivational factors and conditions will surely make us realize and actualized desired goals, our own goals as Filipinos.