The s Theory Of Personality - 748 Words

Avoidant attachment style of a male present in a romantic relationship (Male super ego and madonna-whore complex The importance of child-parent attachment in Freud s theory of personality is best captured in his characterization of the infant-mother relationship (Richters Waters 1991, Brogaard 2015). Freud (as explained by Richters Waters 1991) described socialization as the process through which a child s natural erotic and aggressive instincts are gradually brought under the control of the superego. Freud believed that children identify with the superegos as well as the situational behaviors of their parents (Richters Waters 1991). Identification process, according to Freud, is rooted in the child s initial total dependence on†¦show more content†¦In many cases as the mother withdraws her constant attention, interaction, and affection (avoidant attachment) the boy responds by acquiring the role the mother by becoming his own source of support and comfort (Richters Waters 1991). â€Å"In Freud s terms, the child gives up the mother as a love object, and incorporates her in his superego (ego ideal)† (Richters Waters 199, 3) A subgroup of men with an avoidant attachment style suffers from a condition known as the Madonna-whore complex ((Brogaard 2015). The avoidant attachment style is characterized by an inability to form long-term committed relationships. It is premised on fear of intimacy, rejection and abandonment that arose in early childhood as explained by Brogaard (2015). Brogaard analyzed that the complex occurs as a result of maltreatment by the mother and fear of incest as interpreted by Freud. â€Å"When a mother abandons, neglects, verbally, emotionally or physically abuses or is emotionally distant from her infant or young child, the child feels so hurt that he will eventually repress many of the memories associated with the mother’s behavior.†(Brogaard 2015). For management of traumatic childhood experiences, the avoidant child will stay away from intimacy and situations that can cause the memories and the negative emotions to reappear (Brogaard 2015). However as explained by Brogaard (2015), subconsciously the child will be looking

Term Paper on Project Risk Management - 14904 Words

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 INTRODUCTION Project management is the application of knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques to project activities in order to meet or exceed stakeholder needs and expectations from a project. Project risk management includes the processes concerned with identifying, analyzing, and responding to project risk. It includes maximizing the results of positive events and minimizing the consequences of adverse events. Generally, risk is a choice in an environment rather than a fate. BS 6079 (British Standard Institution 1996) defines risk as ‘It is the uncertainty inherent in plans and possibility of something happening that can affect the prospects of achieving, business or project goals’. The word ‘‘risk’’ was†¦show more content†¦The grading of a project at the pre-bid stage would essentially be a comment on the risks involved in undertaking the project. Credit rating agencies like Crisil, Fitch Ratings have been asked to develop a grading methodology for risk-rating the projects. But some industry experts feel that a risk rating system will discourage private participation in rural development projects on a large scale. Most of the rural development projects are likely to get lower ratings which may drive away private investors and financiers from participating in such projects. 1.3 ORGANISATION OF THESIS The thesis is organized into seven chapters. The first chapter gives an introduction to the present study. The second chapter gives detail concepts of risk management. The third chapter presents the objective of this investigation. Literature survey is explained in the chapter four. Research methodology is given in the chapter five. The analysis of results is in chapter six. Chapter seven gives the conclusion drawn from this investigation and suggestions for future work. Finally the bibliographic references are given at the end. 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Pancreas Digestion and Case Presentation George free essay sample

Case Presentation George Hendrix is a 38-year-old man who has abused alcohol his entire adult life. Recently, following an episode of binge drinking, George experienced a gradual onset of pain in his upper abdomen that radiated to his back. The pain persisted for several hours and worsened each time that he ate. He also felt nauseous and experienced repeated episodes of vomiting. The pain grew more intense and George decided to drive himself to the emergency room of his local hospital. The physician who examined George in the ER noted the following findings when she performed a physical exam: Intense pain upon palpation of the upper left quadrant of the abdominal cavity, gaseous distension of the intestinal tract, and tachycardia. The physical exam findings, together with the history of alcohol abuse and the results of a CBC, serum chemistry panel, and abdominal ultrasound, led the physician to conclude that George was suffering from a case of acute pancreatitis. We will write a custom essay sample on Pancreas: Digestion and Case Presentation George or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The doctor immediately initiated the appropriate medical therapy. Questions 1.Describe the anatomic location of the pancreas relative to the other organs in the upper portion of the abdominal cavity. 2.Describe the functional anatomy of the duct system that conveys bile from the liver and digestive juice from the pancreas to the lumen of the duodenum. 3.Briefly outline the endocrine and exocrine functions of the pancreas. 4.Describe the hormonal control of the secretion of bile and pancreatic juice during the digestive process. 5.Explain why proteases are secreted in an inactive state and describe the means by which proteases are activated in the stomach and small intestine. 6.What is pancreatitis and what is the basic mechanism that underlies the condition? 7.List the most common causes of pancreatitis. 8.List the symptoms, signs, and laboratory findings associated with pancreatitis, and state which of these George presents with. 9.Explain what is meant by the phenomenon of referred pain. Is this phenomenon often seen in patients with acute pancreatitis? 10.Describe the treatment of the condition and its prognosis.

James Phillips Essay Example Essay Example

James Phillips Essay Example Paper James Phillips Essay Introduction In our world today, there are happenings that can not be explained easily. There are some social phenomena that can not be understood easily. People change over time. People change depending on the surrounding or environment they are in. It is studied in almost every Sociology courses that people are being honed or developed to become the person they are now. Socialization is a big factor in every person’s life. Because it can be determinant of how a person or an individual would be in the future. It can either make or break a person. We always associate a person from its origin. It is the common basis of people to say something to the person or to simply put – the basis of judgment to any person or people is his or her origin. Ralph ‘Bucky’ James Phillips The case that I will be discussing in this paper is about Ralph James Phillip or commonly known as ‘Bucky’. He was born on June 19, 1962 in Stockton, New York. He is not a recognized citizen of Seneca Nation of India. He is a convicted murderer and he was captured on September 8, 2006 by the Pennsylvania Police. He has been in the Top 10 Fugitive List of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. He was in the four hundred eighty three in the list replacing Warren Jeff. For the past years he have committed crimes like unlawful flight due to his avoidance to trial, motivated murder, and attempted provoked murder. James Phillips Essay Body Paragraphs Facts of the Crime Ralph J. Phillips escaped from the Alden Correctional Facility in Erie Country near Buffalo after he has spent twenty years of his life there. This was happened in April 2, 2006 and he made this possible through using a can opener. During the months of April and June, the police have the suspicion that he is the man behind the several break-ins at hunting cabin. There were trucks that were stolen from one place to another. The residents of Sinclair Ville, Stockton, Randolph, Great Valley, and Bradford in Pennsylvania have spotted him roaming around the area. The police have also speculations that the relatives of Phillips have been helping him out to get away from the police. The story of the manhunt of Ralph J. Phillips started on June 10, 2006 at Elmira, New York. It happened in the duration of a traffic stop wherein Phillips have shot a Trooper named Sean Brown. From then on, he (Phillips) became the interest of the Troopers and the Policemen. After five days, t he search for Phillips continued making the Elmira-Binghamton area the hot spot because it was believed that he has close affinity in the area. There were also checkpoints in Pomfret, Chautauqua County. Then on June 20, there were speculations that he (Phillips) has stolen a car in Hancock, Binghamtom which was identified as a Dodge Caravan. After the incident happened, few days later a New York Trooper have killed a guy named Brad Horton because the former mistook the latter as Ralph J. Phillips. The Trooper has argued that he did it for self defense. There have been investigations about the case. The following day, the reported missing car was found in Sheridan. Because of this, police have speculations that Phillips is just wandering in the area of Chautauqua County; following this incident the police have launched a dragnet in Cassadaga. Came July, a new diner was opened with a name â€Å"Bucky Burgers†. There were also a circulation of shirts with prints like â€Å"Wher e’s Bucky† and â€Å"Got Bucky?† These shirts can be found in Chautauqua County. There was a firearm retrieved that was linked to the incident of the killing of Mr. Brown by a Trooper. Five days have passed and Phillips was not captured yet, thus the rewards for the people or person who will give credible information about the whereabouts of Phillips have been raise to fifty thousand dollars ($50,000). In the height of the search of Phillips, the Trooper who where shot by him paid a visit in Chautauqua County to give the much needed support to his fellow Troopers. At the same time, there were news that came out that the case of Horton is still ongoing to give him and his family the justice they were asking for. In the same month, a burglary happened which was accounted to Phillips. Because of the incident the hotspot was transferred to Cattaraugus County and there was the establishment of command post in Randolph Central School. At the end of the month (July), op erations in both Randolph and Cattaraugus County were closed down. At the start of August a car napping incident have happened in Olean which was also accounted to Phillips. The car was later on found in Niagara County which made the police leave the Chautauqua County. Then on August 9, it was reported that Phillips was seen near the Tuscarora Indian Reservation sporting a baseball hat. The police did not get any details as to how they get the photos. On August 19, there were residents of Cassadaga that were arrested because they have allegedly helped Phillips. These residents were identified as Natasha Berg, Timothy Seekings, and Alice Kelley. With this incident, the police have decided to make Chautaqua a hotspot for the search for Pillips once again. There were incident wherein Philips has been followed by the Troopers because the motorcycle he was driving then has no sticker for inspection. But he has managed to get away through passing the rear window of the apartment. Followin g the arrest of the three Cassadaga residents is the arrest of Kasey Crowe, a former girlfriend, and Patrina Wright, the daughter of Phillips. The latter was accused of child endangerment thus removing the custody of her children to her. In Chautauqua County, robbery of a gun shop was reported. The suspect that was given by the police is no other than Phillips. There was also a reported car napping. There were a total of forty one (41) stolen guns but there are only thirty five (35) recovered in Ludlow by the Pennsylvania Police. After this incident, Todd Nelson was accused of the accessory of a crime – he helped Phillips for almost two weeks of hiding in the area. There were also two Troopers who were wounded by a rifle-style shooting. The said troopers were brought to the hospital through the state aviation. At the same time, the custody of Wright’s children has been given to her again. Came September, State Police have identified Phillips as the person behind the sh ootings. With this, there were seventy five (75) troopers added in the wide search for Philips. The reward for his capture has increased up to two hundred twenty five thousand dollars ($225,000). After a few days, Trooper Joseph Longobardo died. His death has added another seventy five troopers (75) to search for Phillips. There was also an advisory to the hunters to stay out of the woods until Phillips have not yet captured, and the children to stay indoors. September 6, 2006 was the day Phillips is declared as one of the Top 15 Most Wanted by the United States Marshals. The following day, he was added in the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s List of Top 10 Most Wanted Fugitives. The numbers of Troopers and Police who are in search for Phillips have increased to four hundred (400) accompanying the increase in the reward for Phillips capture to four hundred thousand dollars ($400,000). Two days after, at around early morning Phillips have spotted running into the woods, there were chase happened, then at the end of the day Phillips have finally surrendered to the Pennsylvania Police. In his capture, Ralph J. Phillips has been charged with eight counts of murder of different kind. This is connected to the June 10 incident. Through the request of Attorney Terrance Flynn, the focus of Phillips case is on the serious state charges. After his (Phillips) arrest, there was a .308 rifle found in the place where Phillips surrendered. The president of the Police Benevolent Association of the New York Troopers have released a statement saying that the process of manhunt of Phillips was a poor person, he said that the police and the troopers could have done better. A month has passed and Phillips has come out with a statement that he has received maltreatment from the guards of Chemung County Jail. But this was denied by the guards of the said County Jail. During the court trials, it was found out that he (Phillips) is guilty of different murder incidents including the case of Troopers Longobardo and Baker. He was also found guilty in the break out happened in Erie County Correctional Facility. On December 19, 2006, he, Ralph J. Phillips has given a sentence of life imprisonment and twenty five (25) years to life in Chautauqua and Erie County Court respectively. Criminology Theory Some theories believe that being a criminal or criminality has something to do with the individual socialization and how a person or a criminal have been influenced by the people around him or her. One of the major thinkers of criminology theory is Sutherland, he is also the considered Father of Criminology. His theory is called, Differential Association Theory. This theory states that, criminal behavior is learned through interaction with other people. It can be seen in primary groups like family, friends, and their closest companion. The process of learning includes acquisition of techniques, drives, rationalizations, motives and attitudes. The latter two and its direction can be learned and patterned from the legal codes which can be considered as pleasant or not. The time an individual turned into a criminal is the time when the violation of law in in excess, this is where DA or differential association sets in. It can differ depending on the frequency, duration, priority, and intensity. The mechanisms used in the learning of a criminal behavior are like of other learning. Lastly, given that a criminal behavior is a form of expressing general needs and attitudes it can not be compared to those who are not criminals. From the case of Ralph J. Phillips, it can be observed that his case is like an adventure to him. He was trying to defy the norms and he was trying to mock the police by doing the things that he has done. By doing so he gets the satisfaction that he is better than any policemen because he have triumphed in hiding. He has outdone other police or troopers for that matter. One point is that there are people who have helped him to get away from the police. This shows that people are just like him who is trying to prove that policemen and/or troopers are not that good as they may seem. Those people who have helped him to get through the atrocities of his escape wanted to prove that Phillips or Bucky can do better than the policemen. On the other hand, he, Phillips think that he can never get out of his situation, although he knows that he can be granted a parole, that does not stop him from doing his plans of escaping. He has learned that once a criminal has been imprisoned he or she will always be in that situation and there is no way that he or she can get out. This could be accounted to the fact that he, Phillips have been socializing with other criminals who probably think that way. We will write a custom essay sample on James Phillips Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on James Phillips Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on James Phillips Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

20 Poetry Research Paper Topics and Ideas

20 Poetry Research Paper Topics and Ideas It may seem that poetry is difficult to study, research, and even read sometimes due to its numerous genres, writers, and forms. Poetic styles are indeed innumerable, and artistic movements that existed throughout history were represented by many talented and poets, yet poetry as a discipline is still a fascinating subject to study. Therefore, by researching poetry, one can get acquainted with its multiple subgenres, techniques, forms, themes, and those people who create those pieces. Moreover, studying poetry boosts one’s creativity, broadens the worldview, develops writing, reading, and speaking skills, as well as helps to learn to look at things from a different perspective. Finally, reading poetry is an aesthetically pleasing experience. Thus, writing essays is one of the parts of studying poetry, and this subject can be researched in numerous ways. When a professor asks you to write an essay on poetry, it is essential first to decide on a topic. Taking into account that this discipline is a rather extensive one, it may be puzzling for a student to choose what to write about. You can either dwell on a specific period of time, and all the works and poets connected with it or select a particular figure or verse to analyze. Besides, an essay can focus on a comparison of two poets or artistic movements, examine the thematic context of the work or dwell on someone’s biography. Consequently, you have numerous possibilities when deciding on a topic of a poetry research paper, and if you have difficulties with choosing a definite one, this list of topics may be helpful. Topics and Ideas for Poetry Research Paper Below you can find the topics for the poetry research paper: 1. Sylvia Plath’s Poetry This essay should focus on both the life of Sylvia Plath and her writing. Thus, you can mention some key facts from her biography, the literary movement she belonged to, and the most notable works. Next, it would be great to analyze her writing techniques based on some of her poems. 2. The Poetry of the Beat Generation: Allen Ginsberg’s Impact Dwell on the history of the appearance of the Beat movement, its most celebrated representatives, and the key ideas and positions of the Beat Generation. Then, connect this data to the life and activity of Allen Ginsberg who was one of the leading figures of the movement. Mention his social and political activism and influence on the overall activity of the Beat poets. 3. Peculiarities of Shakespeare’s Sonnets Shakespeare’s sonnets remain the most significant examples of poetry, which does not lose relevance and value. Therefore, enumerate the central characteristics of the sonnets, such as rhyme scheme, structure, meter, as well as main characters and themes. Provide some specific examples for each peculiarity and then compare how those sonnets differ from contemporary poetry. 4. The Use of Allusions in Poetry First, you can provide a definition of an allusion and mention some examples of it. Then, you also can analyze specific poems that contain allusions or write about the poets that preferred to include those devices in their works. Finally, write about the role of allusions and the effects that they create when used in specific contexts. 5. The Analysis of Charles Baudelaire’s The Flowers of Evil Dwell on Baudelaires life and work; mention his other works and the literary movement he belonged to. Next, briefly describe the history of the collections creation, and then talk about its peculiarities, the number of poems, the theme, and mention the sections it is broken up into. You can also focus on each part separately and write about the messages they carry. 6. Prose Poetry and Its Main Features Since poetry is not solely about rhyme, and it can have a form of prose, dwell on the main differences between the former and the latter and mention those poets that preferred to write in prose. You can also state the difference between prose and prose poetry, as those are also two different notions. Finally, describe the essential characteristics of prose poetry, paying attention to details. 7. Poetry and Feminism Focus on the history of the appearance of feminist poetry, factors that influenced its creation, central figures, and most celebrated pieces. Furthermore, the ideas and positions of the poets are also worth mentioning. Discuss both feminist poetry of the past and the present and decide upon the central features of both. 8. Jazz Poetry: From Past to Present Jazz can be discussed not only in the context of music but also as a separate genre of poetry. Thus, provide a detailed definition of the notion, talk about its creation, and include the data about its fundamental features. Dwell on its development during the Harlem Renaissance and the Beat Generation as well as modern times. 9. French Poetry of the 19th Century While writing an essay on this topic, make sure you provide information about Romanticism and those poets that influenced the movement. You could research those ideas and visions that had the most significant impact on the creation of the poems. Moreover, it is necessary to discuss the most outstanding writers of the period, their collections of works, and the most remarkable events that had some impact on the movement. 10. Nature and History of Japanese Haiku In this essay, define haiku and talk about its origin and development. Then, enumerate the key figures connected with this type of poetry, such as Buson, Issa, Shiki, and Basho. Finally, this essay can also include data about the form of haiku, its meter, and the number of lines. 11. Poets of Symbolism Numerous poets represent Symbolism, and your task is to discuss their work. Yet, the initial step is to mention what Symbolism is, its history of appearance, and the essential characteristics. After that, you can proceed to analyze the works of such poets as Charles Baudelaire, Paul Verlaine, or Arthur Rimbaud. You are free to choose any other poets if you want, yet those three are considered to be the most outstanding figures of the movement. 12. Who Needs Poetry? Discuss your personal understanding of the question while relying on the statements made by acclaimed scholars or poets. You can talk about the practical applications of poetry or focus solely on its aesthetic side. All in all, the person reading your essay should understand the role of poetry in the life of humanity. 13. Emily Dickinson and Gospel Poems Before writing about Dickinson’s work, dwell on her life path by mentioning the most important details from her life, such as her origin, movements she was involved in, and her most notable works. Even though Dickinson wrote numerous poems, your task is to research the Gospel poems. Thus, define the notion, give examples of those poems, and write about the reception of them in society. 14. The Poetry of the Romantic Period In this essay, include the definition of Romanticism, its origin, and a brief outline of its development. Enumerating the poets that were involved in the movement is vital, yet choose two or three of them for your thorough analysis. After selecting the poets, focus on the techniques they used, ideas and themes of their poems, as well as how their works represent the overall character of the period. 15. Edgar Allan Poe and His Philosophy of Poetry Even though Edgar Allan Poe is a widely known figure, there still is a lot to discover about him. Therefore, try to find the information that may be unknown for an ordinary person; discuss his vision of poetry in details. You may include some citations from his works to illustrate your arguments, as well as dwell on his writing techniques and style. 16. Main Themes of Walt Whitman’s Poetry Before writing about the themes, write about Whitman’s life, legacy, and style. Then, enumerate the themes and try to find those poems that can be applied to illustrate them. For instance, mention that the poem â€Å"Ashes of Soldiers† dwells on the theme of war. Finally, you can also cite some of his poems that most apparently illustrate particular themes. 17. Spoken Word Poetry in the 21st Century Before writing the essay, you can search for the performances of the contemporary poets on YouTube to get inspired. It can help you chose those artists that you will mention in your essay and analyze. For instance, you can write about Sarah and Paul Kay, Neil Hilborn, and others. Finally, write about modern contests of spoken word poetry and its perception in society. 18. The Impact of John Keats on Poetry This essay can include the data about Keats’ biography, most outstanding works, and his writing techniques. Furthermore, dwell on his impact on the world of poetry in the past and on his perception in the 21st century. You can also write about the letters he wrote, as those influenced a number of other poets of that time. 19. Is Rhyme an Essential Element of Any Poem? Enumerate the critical elements of poetry. Since rhyme is not among them, explain why it is not as important as other elements. In your work, you can mention free verse, prose poetry, and those poets that did not use rhyme in their works. Discuss the structure of free verses and provide examples of the most notable pieces. 20. Blank vs. Free Verse These types of verse are frequently being confused, and your task is to help ordinary people understand the difference between the two. Thus, enumerate the key elements and characteristics of each of them, do not forget to dwell on their differences and similarities, and find examples to support your statements. Conclusion Hence, writing a poetry research paper is not as complicated as it may seem. The key to writing a proper essay is choosing a topic that fascinates you and that you personally want to research. After doing it, make sure that you focus on all the fundamental details, such as historical events, dates, as well as notable poets and their works. When analyzing poems, pay attention to their rhyme, rhythm, meter, form, and the techniques applied by the authors. Besides, you can always refer to various books and scholarly articles related to your topic and cite them to support your arguments. Therefore, after reading the list of topics and ideas, you may choose the one suitable for you and either leave as it is and research it or alter it according to your preference or the task.

The Politics of Womens Health

The Politics of Womens Health Introduction Background Women experience more health complications than men. This could be as a result of the multi-diversity of their body functions or the kind of gender treatment that they are exposed to. Women’s bodies are more sensitive and fragile than men’s and therefore, require more care.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Politics of Women’s Health specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A study on alcoholism for instance, has shown that alcohol presents more complications to female users than to their male counterparts. Women get drunk quicker, get addicted faster and suffer abuse-related consequences sooner than men. Apart from the normal health complications shared between men and women, women suffer increased risk of reproductive problems and a more severe damage to the liver than in men and eventually, earlier deaths from these complications than in men. In addition to these, wo men are prone to increased risk of breast cancer, menstrual disorders, fertility problems and miscarriage in case of pregnancy. Women also suffer most from matters of passion like failed relationships or death of friends or family members. They will develop stress-related complications like ulcers or heart problems easier compared to the men. Of significant importance to this study is the role of society in women’s health. Women are still perceived to be the weaker sex in both the developing and the developed societies. Only the extents and rates differ. Because of this, they get subjected to ill treatment. Some of it is so severe that it affects their health. In most societies for instance, women suffer domestic violence, girls are married off at tender ages and denied equal rights to education. This could be so traumatizing to the child that she develops mental problems or complications during sexual intercourse or delivery because her reproductive organs and system are not fully developed. Purpose of the Research This research aims at finding out the extent to which attention to women’s health is compromised by society and policy decisions. Society here includes men and women, their socialization towards women’s place in society and the role they play in the deprivation of their rights regarding health care. Policy makers include the ruling elite and the subsequent bodies mandated with the role of policy formulations.Advertising Looking for research paper on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Research questions In order to achieve this purpose, the following question will be used to guide the study: how has women’s healthcare been politicized and therefore compromised by society and policy makers and how has gender inequality contributed to this? Methodology The information in this paper has been gathered from secondary sources. These include books an d articles by other writers based on prior research. Only information about the women and their health care and influence by society and gender inequality has been used. The problem of healthcare among women. Women face a big problem in reception of health care. Coupled with this is the fact that they are at more health risk exposure than the men and by the men. Unfortunately, this has been institutionalized by society and policy makers as acceptable. We shall examine this predicament in details. Differences in vulnerability between men and women Previous studies by various groups have shown that women and men differ in their rates of exposure and vulnerability to similar health conditions. A study by the Global Burden of Disease showed that out of 126 health conditions, 68 of them had a 20% discrepancy between men and women. These diseases include HIV, cancers, eye sight diseases, migraine, mental health, muscle and bone strength, nutrition and burns. Some of these conditions are d etermined by biological differences, while a number of others are determined by how society has socialized women and men into gender roles. These gender roles are supported by norms that discriminate on masculinity or femininity. Then power relations take over, according privileges to men, thus affecting the health of women and men altogether. Women are known to be more sensitive to chemicals when exposed than the men. This is because there are differences between the two in absorption, metabolism and excretion of fat soluble chemicals. In the case of antiretroviral, women suffer more side effects like skin rash and liver toxicity. According to Astbury (2002), women are more likely to suffer depression than men. This however, is perceived as a biological consequence and therefore is not given much attention.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Politics of Women’s Health specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Social factors like violence, partner support, overwork and the social experience of motherhood and nurture of children have been discovered to contribute a lot more to depression. These are not biological determinants and therefore, should not be shoved away but rather be given the medical attention they deserve. Society and gender Social stratifies in many communities define people based on who they are on dimensions that they have no control over cannot change. The harm with this kind of stratification is that a group of people in the same classification are slumped together and treated in a given way. This is not because they deserve such treatment, but because they belong to that group which unfortunately, they cannot get out of. This is the situation that women in most societies find themselves in. Typical in almost all societies is that women do not own land. If they do, it is less than for their male counterparts. This translates to wealth and property. They are more burd ened with tasks of care giving, reproduction and ensuring security survival of their families. In return, they are less fed, less educated, more restricted and less paid at work. They have less access to political power and their political participation is limited either directly by the male figures in their lives or indirectly by the amount of responsibilities at their disposal. This way, women are left with few options when confronted with health problems. The kind of medical attention they can receive is usually dictated upon them. At a closer look, one will find that even the biologically determined diseases are supported by gender social determinants. A condition such as blindness, as much as any woman could contact an eye disease, social factors like women’s lesser access to eye care services and caring for children infected with trachoma increases their rates of infection. In the case of HIV, according to Gruskin and Tarantola (24-29), vulnerability results from social , cultural, economic, political and other factors that can increase the degree of infection, less access to health care and support of infected ones. All these put the woman on the receiving end. This is according to Ogden et al (333-342).Advertising Looking for research paper on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Women in the society are seen as objects rather than subjects. They have been socialized to accept this status and many of them shy away from seeking health care. Women’s health conditions are perceived to be normal by the families or the women themselves and therefore do not seek medical attention, according to Lyer (17). Women could be aware of the health concern but choose to keep silent about it for fear of reactions from family and society. For example, women with TB in Vietnam, according to Long et al (p69-81), do not disclose their status for fear of not getting married if people knew of their conditions. When women and their families acknowledge about their health problems, financial berries come in. preferential attention is given to the male counterparts at their expense, even for a non health related issue as noted by Lane (151-182) Most societies exert importance to male children than female. Some go as far as murdering girls at birth. This is a health concern. In parts of East and South Asia where this practice is most inherent, there is now a crisis of female shortage. This drastic decline in sex ratios has led to outlawed practices like kidnapping of women, forced marriages, girl-trafficking and intensified dowry payment that have made the girl child a material possession. The social expectation of what boys should and should not do can be directly linked to the behavior leading to the spread of HIV/AIDS and gender based violence. Men are freer and unsanctioned when it comes to matters of sex. They do not expect to be accountable and responsible to their wives. On the other hand, women are exposed to increased health risks during such rituals as genital mutilation, marriage and child birth. Mutilation and marital rape which are more common in most communities are painful experiences meant to â€Å"humble† the woman and make her feel submissive to the men. With women perceived as objects, especially sex, widowhood is another challen ging time for any woman. The women are subjected to various practices meant to demean and subordinate them. This becomes worse considering that most of these women are immediately disinherited and so lack the capacity to seek medical care. Some of the practices they are subjected to are wife inheritance and ritual cleansing. In some cases, the women are granted conditional access to their homes and property upon fulfillment of these conditions. Policy and inequality in healthcare In the case of HIV/AIDS, we see a fail in the policy sector. Most governments are still conservative in addressing matters of sexuality and tend to shy off from addressing them head on. They should enforce programs that advocate for abstinence and faithfulness or use of the condom. According to Kelly (36), in marriages, many men will refuse to use condoms, even when they engage in risky sex behavior. In most societies (apart from the few western societies) there is no law to protect this woman whose husband is exposing her to STIs and other infections. In return, she will suffer violence for objecting to the needs of her husband. In an effort to end maternal deaths, rape, coercive sex, violence against women and forced early marriages for the girl child, sustained policies and programs must be implemented to change people’s attitudes towards relationships, gender equality, mutual respect and respect of human rights. Promoting gender equality To remedy this situation, a number of initiatives have been adopted by various countries to reduce the effects of gender inequality in health care. In Sweden for instance, gender relations are taken into account in the public, private and voluntary sectors. It has a Division of Gender Equality within the central administration to look into matters of gender equity in service delivery and resource allocation. Gender discrimination is one of the agents of poverty, a major obstacle to sustainable global development. Sweden in return has expres sed an improved system of equality and equity of both genders. This shows that gender mainstreaming has to be institutionalized and effectively implemented. In fact, Sweden’s public health policy is to raise the level of and reduce and reduce inequalities of people’s capability and freedom to choose their lives and pursue their goals. A number of approaches have been put forward. If well implemented, they could help promote the much anticipated equality among the two genders. The essential structural dimensions of gender inequality need to be addressed. This is by transforming the framework of women human rights through effective implementation of laws and policies. Attention should also be given to the access, affordability and availability of health care to women. These services should not be subject to changes during economic reforms. They should be treated as basic and necessary. Women are the backbone in care giving within the family. Because of these, many are ex posed to health dangers from those they care for. Programs should be initiated to involve the men too in the care giving responsibilities. Women need to be engaged in the decision making processes from grassroots to international level so that they can be in a position to voice women’s challenges and sees redress. Gender stereotypes need to be challenged. Boys and men should be included in equality debates so that they can support the cause of gender equality (Greene et al p54). Multilevel strategies can be adopted to change the norms and practices that harm women’s health directly or indirectly. Differential health issues between men and women should be treated differentially. Some biological factors interact with social factors to aggravate these health risks, so there should be policy to address these differences. The social biases that work to increase these risks should be eliminated. Because these social factors occur in social setting, people and communities sho uld be empowered to take these initiatives. These can only be achieved by comprehensive programs to enlighten the people on the importance of such initiatives. Gender Biases in Research The issue of women health crane has not been adequately addressed before and even now. This is because there has been a slow recognition of health issues that affect women in particular. It is only recently that factors like gender violence, menstruation and other characteristics unique to women began being factored in as determinants of women health. There has also been a lack of recognition of the interplay between gender and social factors and the effect they have on women health. Conclusion This research is important in showing the effects of gender inequality on women health. Women ailments have been ignored as normal, resulting from normal pathogens and biological functions. Much insight has not been given therefore, in studying the unique characteristics attributed to these health conditions. This research has shown that women health problems are an inter link between the normal pathogens and consequences of gender inequality manifested through social gender biases and biased policy making institutions. In order to change this system, there needs to be an over haul in the mind set of both the men and women, and societal norms and practices. A gender balanced society needs to be instituted, whereby every one respects and appreciates the other. Besides, the role of women in society has to be appreciated and not looked down upon. Women are the care givers, they are the ones who carry and bring life. For these reasons, they deserve an even better health care as they are at more risks with these core functions that they perform. Astbury, Jill. Mental health: Gender Bias, Social Position, and Depression IN SEN G, G. A., Ãâ€"STLIN P (Ed.), Engendering International Health. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2002. Print. Greene, Mehta., Mehta, Monica., Pulerwitz, Julie., Wulf, D., Bankole, Akinrinola. Singh, Simon. Involving Men in Reproductive Health, Contributions to Development Sexual and Reproductive Health and the Millennium Development Goals. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2006. Print. Gruskin, Sofia, Tarantola, Daniel. HIV/AIDS And Human Rights Revisited. Can  HIV AIDS Policy Law Rev, 6, 24-9, 2001 Print. Kelly, Leroy. Polygyny and HIV/AIDS: A Health and Human Rights Approach. Journal for Juridical Science 31, 1-38, 2006. Print. Lane, Mark. The Hierarchy of Resort Examined: Status and Class Differentials as Determinants of Therapy For Eye Disease in the Egyptian Delta. Urban Anthropology 16, 151-182, 1987. Print Long, Christopher., Johansson, Erik., Diwan, Kuldeep, Winkvist, Anna. Fear And Social Isolation as Consequences of Tuberculosis in Vietnam: A Gender Analysis. Health Policy, 58, 69-81, 2001. Print Lyer, Aditi. Gender, Caste and Class in Health: Compounding and Competing Inequalities in Rural Karnataka, India, Division of Public Health. Liverpool: Universit y of Liverpool, 2007. Print Ogden, Jane., Esim, Rail, Grown, Cube. Expanding the Care Continuum for HIV/AIDS: Bringing Careers Into Focus. Health Policy Plan, 21, 333-42, 2006. Print

M7A2- Corporate Social Final Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

M7A2- Corporate Social Final - Essay Example The paper will provide an introduction of the benefits of CSR, the roles played by technology in enhancing CSR and challenges associated with technology in CSR. Finally, the paper will make recommendations for further research. Corporate social responsibility (CSR) entails all voluntary activities that are undertaken by business organizations in order to promote the social welfare of the society (Benn & Bolton, 2011). Companies participate in CSR through conserving the environment and meeting the differing needs of all stakeholders in the organization. Accordingly, CSR promotes business sustainability through ethical practices, making social investments and ensuring transparency in all business activities (Sims, 2003). Modern corporations adhere promote human rights, environmental protection and diversity in order to meet the social expectations of the society. In deed, CSR ensures that businesses acknowledge the negative impact of their operations on the natural environment in order to undertake measures that will conserve the ecological environment and control climate change (Sims, 2003). Modern technology has played numerous roles in facilitating business operations and CSR activities. For instance, sup erior manufacturing technology leads to higher product quality and efficiency in the manufacturing process thus reducing raw materials wastage. Johnson & Brennan (2002) asserts that the emergence of internet and associated communication technologies has enabled the businesses to monitor the changes in stakeholder needs and establish channels of communication that aim at maintaining cordial relations (Crane, 2008). Proponents of CSR assert that technology can be used to improve the ‘triple bottom line’ through financial, environmental and social returns. In this case, the technology will enhance the human resource processes such as recruitment, retention and risk management in order to minimize instances